Dale Ouimette, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 

A number of single-chip VGAs variable-gain amplifiers are available today. Unfortunately, they all have drawbacks, such as high noise, 55V limit, low input impedance, or nonlinear gain/frequency characteristics. The circuit in Figure 1 is a 16-step, ultralow-noise VGA that solves many of these problems. IC₁ is a low-noise quad op amp, and IC₂ is a quad SPDT CMOS switch. The stages switch in successive multiplication (gain) factors using a TTL binary code. The values shown provide 0- to 45-dB gain in 3-dB steps. For best low-noise performance, the higher gain stages precede the lower gain stages. The circuit exhibits approximately 3 nV/ referred to the input, for most gain settings. The highest noise is 4.5 nV/ at a gain of 9 dB. Distributing the total gain across multiple stages increases the overall bandwidth. The output stage has a different configuration to yield a low-output-impedance output driver at all gain settings.

If you need to remotely control the gain, you must concern yourself with ground loops that can compromise the low-noise characteristics of the circuit. One solution is to place optoisolators in the four digital-control lines, so that no ground connection exists between the two ends of the cable except through the power supply. The method you use is an analog differential-control voltage using an ADC to generate the 4 bits. Figure 2 shows a circuit that performs this function well. IC₁ is a differential receiver, and IC₂ is an 8-bit ADC. In some applications, you could get away with using only the ADC, because it already has a differential input. However, you must take care not to exceed the narrow common-mode range of the ADC's input. A more robust solution is to place a differential receiver in front of the ADC, as shown. R₁ and C₁ form a lowpass filter for the control voltage to the ADC. The 4 high-order bits from the ADC control the CMOS switches. As shown, the ADC operates in a self-clocking mode and needs no other controls.

R₂ and C₂ control the sampling frequency, approximately 640 kHz for the values shown. D₁ , R₃ , and C₃ provide power-up initialization for the ADC's clocking function. The control-voltage steps are 310 mV apart, providing ample noise immunity. Table 1 shows the performance of the overall circuit with analog control. You can use R₁ and R₂ in Figure 1 to shift down the overall gain range with little sacrifice of noise characteristics. You can obviously alter the individual gain stages to yield other ranges and step sizes, such as 0 to 30 dB in 2-dB steps. At the expense of circuit simplicity, you could replace the quad op amp with four ultra-low-noise op amps, such as the LT1128 or AD797. This replacement lowers the noise to approximately 1.4 nV/ . You could also increase the number of stages, thereby providing a wider dynamic range, finer gain steps, or both. The benefits of this circuit over commercially available single-chip VGAs include ultra-low noise, high bandwidth, ±13V range, high input impedance, ground-loop immunity, and user-defined dynamic range and step size.

This article ran on page 116 of the January 4, 2001 issue of EDN.